1 The parameter table
1.1 Host materials and loading ratios
| Parameter | Reported values | Source | Design decision it sets |
|---|---|---|---|
| D/Pd, electrochemical | about 0.7 to 1 at room temperature; SRI operating band above 0.9 before any excitation is judged; 8 to 23 day episode appearance times; 51-experiment split: excess power in a rising fraction of runs above D/Pd 0.90 and in all runs above 1.00 | prior-art/01, prior-art/03, concept brief | Palladium is the mobility-matched reference composition, pre-loaded to D/Pd 0.70 plus or minus 0.05; a resistance-ratio (or gravimetric) loading monitor runs on every hydride stage, always on |
| D/Ti, D/Zr | toward 1.9 to 2.0 in TiD2 and ZrD2 (fluorite structure), reached in gas at 300 to 600 C; roughly one fiftieth of the palladium price per atom | prior-art/04, materials/SPECS.md, concept brief | TiD2 and ZrD2 at 1 to 10 micrometers are the volume platforms: about twice the deuteron density per metal atom of PdD at commodity cost; slower diffusion is paid for in the loading ramp, not in the run |
| H/Ni, D/Ni | below 1; program control target about 0.5 (estimate) | concept brief, materials/SPECS.md | Nickel is the cheap hydrogen-side sister system and the like-for-like isotope control; gas-loaded Ni-based nano-composites carry the 150 to 350 C record |
| Nano-composite hydride formation energy | 1.5 to 2.3 eV per D on nano-oxide composites after artificial re-oxidation; performance restored after aging | prior-art/04 | Every batch ships with a stated oxidation state; the schedule carries periodic re-oxidation-hydriding refresh cycles for the powder stock |
| Deuteron density | order 5e28 per cubic meter at PdD0.7 (concept-brief arithmetic) | concept brief | Rate kernels take this as the local density for every yield-per-liter calculation |
| Co-deposition fallback | Pd grows and loads simultaneously from 0.05 M PdCl2 plus 0.3 M LiCl in D2O; film is always fresh and defect-rich | prior-art/01 | In-situ loading fallback if pre-loaded powder ages: plate substrate grains or screens immediately before a run |
1.2 Temperatures and pressures
| Parameter | Reported values | Source | Design decision it sets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loading temperatures | Pd: 80 to 150 C at 1 to 5 bar D2 (in-house recipe); Ti: 300 to 500 C at 1 to 10 bar (estimate); Zr: 400 to 600 C (estimate) | materials/SPECS.md | Loading furnace and vessel ratings; split loading protocol per host; ramp rates 1 to 5 C per minute under PID control |
| Dry-bed operating window | 150 to 350 C with oil mass-flow calorimetry at 23 plus or minus 0.1 C ambient, 100 g-class beds, the MHE six-organization configuration | prior-art/04 | Stage-two dry-bed cell and calorimeter copy this chain, including zirconia-bead blank runs to fix heat recovery |
| Chilled slurry window | chilled operation sharpened reported cavitation implosions; our ultrasound runs hold 0 to 10 C (estimate) | prior-art/02 | Circulator-chilled suspension cell so collapse conditions harden and vapor pressure stays low |
| Rapid-heat trigger | load at 250 C, evacuate, then heat rapidly: an explicit hydrogen-flux trigger in the Tohoku multilayer line | prior-art/03 | The thermal stage of the drive schedule includes a programmed flux step, the mechanical analog being the 20 kHz pressure wave |
| Gas-phase reference conditions | Mizuno line: 50 to 300 Pa D2 onto heated nano-structured Pd/Ni, walls about 200 C; Brillouin: H2 up to 15 bar; Parkhomov: about 1100 C and higher | prior-art/03, prior-art/04 | Vacuum and pressure envelope of the gas path spans 50 Pa to 15 bar; loading manifold certified to 100 bar gauge class |
| Cell pressure ratings | working 0 to 8 bar absolute headspace, test 12 bar, relief 10 bar, burst margin beyond 24 bar; outer containment to about 131 bar | lab/LAB-BUILD.md | Every cell: certified primary boundary plus relief path into the flare line |
1.3 Drive frequencies, waveforms and transient timescales
| Parameter | Reported values | Source | Design decision it sets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrasound drive | 20 to 24 kHz horn class at 400 to 2000 W (Hielscher UP400St 24 kHz/400 W is the lab baseline); 40 kHz distributed bath class; 28/40/80 kHz transducer modules | prior-art/02, prior-art/08, materials/SPECS.md, lab/LAB-BUILD.md | 24 kHz immersion sonotrode is the primary mechanical drive; 40 kHz wall drive is the comparison geometry; both feed the same vessel |
| Acoustic duty cycle | 0.01 s on / 0.01 s off burst program in the 2024 deuterated-titanium cavitation record; reported neutron flux appeared only during constructive-interference pressure peaks of a few thousand psi | prior-art/08 | Burst-mode drive with programmable on/off ratio; peak stress amplitude is a primary scan variable |
| Pulse-drive class | skin-effect concentrated pulses from tens of nanoseconds to microseconds (Brillouin architecture); excess power mapped against pulse voltage, width, duty cycle and gas pressure | prior-art/03 | The pulsed-discharge stage sweeps the same four-axis matrix on our electrode pair |
| Power perturbation | small negative-then-positive input step increases integrated output (about 38 kJ per shown cycle) at unchanged average power (Tohoku 2024) | prior-art/03 | Drive electronics support controlled perturbation cycles, not steady state only |
| Capacitor bank | 10 mF film bank to 1.5 kV, up to about 11 kJ per shot, fiber-triggered 3.1 kV MOSFET switch | lab/LAB-BUILD.md | Millisecond to microsecond current pulses through cell electrodes; every shot logged with bank voltage before and after |
| Bubble collapse transient | hot spots of roughly 5000 C at hundreds of atmospheres lasting a few microseconds; slurry shock collisions plastically deform and melt metal surfaces | prior-art/02 | The transient our suspension is built to produce at hydride grain contacts; acoustic power stays below the cavitation margin except in designated cavitation runs |
| Drive period | 20 kHz period is 50 microseconds; contact-charge response at contacts is sub-picosecond per ab initio molecular dynamics | simulation/TOOLCHAIN.md | Per-pulse physics computed by molecular dynamics, periodic drive by finite elements; duty cycle is chosen at the FEM level |
| Force-chain contact stress | estimated 0.1 to 1 GPa in dense shear-thickening suspensions (estimate) | concept brief, prior-art/08 | The stress window molecular dynamics and discrete element models must reproduce; transducer power sized against Stringham's reported 1e16 bubbles per second class for full-volume cavitation |
| Activation timescales | 8 to 23 days in SRI cells; weeks of glow-discharge activation in the Mizuno line; one-day fast activation reaching 10 to 40 W excess in the 2019 report | prior-art/03 | The 12-month schedule budgets multi-day runs and activation cycles: load, bake, gas-dose, repeat; burst-tolerant time-stamped logging on every channel |
1.4 Electron screening potentials (the rate lever)
| Parameter | Reported values | Source | Design decision it sets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gas baseline | 25 plus or minus 5 eV in molecular D2 | prior-art/05 | Every host value is quoted against this baseline |
| Aluminum | 190 plus or minus 15 eV (2001), 191 plus or minus 12 eV (2004) | prior-art/05 | Benchmark host for the cubic face-centered class |
| Zirconium | 297 plus or minus 8 eV (2001, confirmed 2008), 295 plus or minus 7 eV (2004); falls to the 80 plus or minus 20 eV class when the surface re-oxidizes | prior-art/05 | ZrD2 platform host; oxide state is a logged batch variable because it moves the screening number by a factor of several |
| Palladium | 296 plus or minus 15 eV at PdD0.2 (2004), 310 plus or minus 50 eV (Tohoku 2002), 313 plus or minus 2 eV (2008), 800 plus or minus 90 eV (LUNA 2002), the largest d(d,p)t value in the record | prior-art/05 | Palladium hosts the single most valuable number in the field; our first comparison cells test whether it transfers off the beam platform |
| Tantalum | 322 plus or minus 15 eV (2001), 302 plus or minus 13 eV (2004), 309 plus or minus 12 eV (LUNA 2002), 213 to 462 eV across four surface histories (2008) | prior-art/05 | Surface-history spread shows why every batch logs polishing, sputter and oxidation state |
| Amorphous carbon | minus 20 plus or minus 5 eV, effectively no screening | prior-art/05 | The built-in null host: strong D-C chemical bonding removes the metallic screening channel |
| Insulators, semiconductors, lanthanides | gas-like small values across the 58-sample survey | prior-art/05 | Metallic electron density is the screening carrier: our hosts are all metals or metal deuterides |
| Field summary | order 400 eV observed against about 100 eV theoretical; atomically clean ultra-high-vacuum targets pull the value back toward theory | prior-art/05 | Defect and vacancy population is a first-class lever; our milled powders live in the high-defect regime by construction, with annealed stock as the comparison arm |
| Host structure effect | cubic-phase titanium screened high, hexagonal-phase titanium small, in the same campaign; cubic face-centered palladium and nickel carry the largest confirmed values | prior-art/05 | Titanium enters the host list only in its cubic hydride phase: load to the fluorite phase before any run is judged |
| Temperature dependence | screening moves measurably with host temperature (platinum 20 to 340 C study) | prior-art/05 | Witness-target screening is characterized at the same temperatures the device runs, not only at room temperature |
| Sub-keV plateau | reaction yield stops falling below about 2.5 keV beam energy; enhancement above 1e18 over bare-nucleus rates below about 2 keV; effective screening potential about 3.0 keV for palladium deuteride at 0.25 keV beam energy | prior-art/07 | The target operating window: contact-gap deuterons at 0.25 to 2.5 keV, on palladium first, titanium second |
| Rate multipliers | 300 eV screening multiplies the bare D-D rate by about 1e4 at 1 keV, about 3e11 at 0.5 keV, about 27 at 2 keV (estimates from the standard formula); with a 1e18-class enhancement the deuteron mean free path at 1 keV shrinks from about 1e10 m to about 10 nm (estimate) | prior-art/05, prior-art/07, concept brief | Optimization target fixed: maximize gap field at the lowest credible gap-crossing energy, because every volt across a gap is worth more at lower deuteron energy |
1.5 Fields and deuteron energies
| Parameter | Reported values | Source | Design decision it sets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Piezoelectric charge coefficients | PZT-5H about 593 pC/N, PZT-5A about 374, BaTiO3 about 190, ZnO 12.4, LiNbO3 6 to 69 depending on axis | materials/SPECS.md | Four-composition matrix: PZT-5H and BaTiO3 are the active arms; ZnO and LiNbO3, two orders of magnitude lower, are the like-for-like comparison compositions that isolate the piezoelectric variable |
| Contact charge and gap field | d33 times 0.1 to 1 GPa stress gives 0.3 to 0.6 C/m2 bound charge; 1e10 to 1e11 V/m across an unscreened nanometer gap (estimate); 1e8 to 1e9 V/m with realistic partial screening (design target) | concept brief, simulation/TOOLCHAIN.md | Field-at-gap budget 1e8 to 1e9 V/m; finite element contact cells decide carrier choice (dry bed preserves static fields; electrolyte suppresses them) |
| Deuteron energy per gap | 0.1 to 1 keV gained across a 1 nm gap (estimate); design window 0.25 to 2.5 keV | concept brief, prior-art/07 | Grain surface roughness and gap statistics set the upper deuteron spectrum: asperity geometry is a design variable, not an accident |
| Crystal-field precedent | heated LiTaO3 develops surface potential of order 100 kV; tungsten tips of nanometer radius concentrate fields to the 1e10 V/m class at the apex; D2 ionizes at the tip and deuterons reach genuine D-D fusion energies, yielding 2.45 MeV neutrons and 3 MeV protons; paired crystals double the potential; yield multiplied 5.6 by geometry optimization | prior-art/06 | Proof that crystal-built fields do the ion-source and accelerator work: our contact asperities copy the tip-geometry criterion (field concentration on a sharp dielectric-bounded feature) |
| Pyroelectric coefficient | LiTaO3 of order 10 nC/cm2/K; neutron output set by thermal-cycle duty; feedback-controlled stacks run quasi-continuously | prior-art/06 | Our 20 kHz mechanical drive replaces the slow thermal cycle with a pulse train, raising the effective repetition rate by many orders of magnitude (estimate) |
| Ionic screening in carriers | Debye length in 6 M electrolyte about 0.1 nm: only transients faster than ionic screening survive in electrolyte | concept brief | Stage-one carrier is deuterated oil or glycerol or a dry bed; stage-two aqueous electrolyte is paired with 20 kHz ultrasound or pulsed discharge so transients outrun screening |
| Poling | as-shipped powders are unpoled and give no net d33; pole at 3 to 5 kV/mm near 120 to 150 C; crushed grains keep the parent polarization axis, carry at least half of nominal d33 into field estimates (estimate) | materials/SPECS.md | Every lot poled and measured with a Berlincourt meter before entering a suspension; orientation spread carried into the field budget |
1.6 Reported outputs that set our diagnostics targets
| Parameter | Reported values | Source | Design decision it sets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Helium-4 heat yardstick | helium rate near 1e11 atoms per second per watt in gas samples taken during excess-power episodes | prior-art/01 | Headspace mass spectrometry with getter separation of helium-4 from D2 at mass 4, calibrated against a known helium dose into an identical cell |
| Tritium bursts | sporadic, estimated 1e3 to 1e4 atoms per second, burst-like events separated by inactive periods | prior-art/01 | Burst-tolerant scheduled sampling; the record's sporadicity sets multi-day runs and time-stamped capture on all channels |
| Charged-particle tracks | CR-39 track densities above controls at the cathode; triple tracks diagnostic of 12C(n,n')3-alpha, neutrons of 9.6 MeV or more inferred by the authors; calibrated against a deuterium-tritium generator | prior-art/01 | CR-39 in open-and-masked pairs plus spacer stacks inside every cell; automated linear-energy-transfer scanning workflow |
| Proton branch | 3.02 MeV protons are the D-D branch signature; monoenergetic lines near 3.02 MeV would indicate discrete field-accelerated deuterons, continua would indicate heat-driven rates | prior-art/07 | Silicon surface-barrier detector behind a thin window watches the proton branch in every run; predicted spectra from the kernels plan detector exposures |
| Neutron counting contrast | strongest reported burst near four times background in the 1996 slurry record; up to about 4e5 per second in the 2004 cavitation follow-up; more than 6500 counts per minute at peak against sub-0.5 counts per minute background in the 2024 deuterated-titanium record | prior-art/02, prior-art/08 | Detector dynamic range spans single counts to megacounts per minute: moderated helium-3 for totals, liquid scintillator pair for spectroscopy and time of flight |
| Neutron time of flight | 2.45 MeV neutrons cross a 2.0 m baseline in about 105 ns | lab/LAB-BUILD.md | Two-detector coincidence window is the artifact-resistant pair that must agree with CR-39 before a signal enters a report |
| Bubble budgets | bubble production reported at 1e16 per second in the sonofusion line | prior-art/02 | Transducer power scale for full-active-volume cavitation runs (authors' report) |
2 Mechanism map: six knobs the device drives
Each subsection states what the record reports, then the knobs. No mechanism here is optional: the schedule in section 3 drives all six in one integrated program.
K1 Lattice strain and phase transitions
What the record reports: palladium deuteride crosses the alpha-beta miscibility gap on the road to D/Pd about 0.7; titanium and zirconium deuterides sit in fluorite-structure windows near a ratio of 2. Strain shifts hydride site energies, diffusion barriers and phase stability, and hydride precipitates nucleate where tensile strain concentrates. These are Dan's own density functional theory findings, and the toolchain treats strain as an explicit input in every model (simulation/TOOLCHAIN.md).
Knobs the device drives: static strain set by loading ratio and thermal-expansion mismatch between hydride grain, piezoelectric grain and carrier; oscillatory strain amplitude delivered by the 20 kHz pressure wave; phase-front mobility through the loading ramp and duty cycle; composition choice across the four hosts.
K2 Sharp transients
What the record reports: force chains in a shear-thickening suspension deliver contact stress pulses; the 2024 cavitation record ties reported neutron flux to constructive-interference pressure peaks of a few thousand psi; every burst-like record in clusters 02 and 08 shows emission tied to transient mechanical events, not steady state. Molecular dynamics resolves what a single pulse does to a contact, a grain and a gap; the honest boundary is that the 50 microsecond drive period is computed at the finite element level.
Knobs the device drives: drive amplitude ceiling, burst duty cycle, particle size window (1 to 10 micrometers baseline), packing fraction, and the impact velocity distribution the sonotrode and flow field impose.
K3 Electron screening
What the record reports: screening potentials from 25 eV (gas) through the 300 eV class (aluminum, zirconium, palladium, tantalum) to 800 plus or minus 90 eV (palladium, LUNA) and the about 3.0 keV effective value on the sub-keV plateau; strength tracks electron density, crystal structure, defect and vacancy population, surface state and temperature.
Knobs the device drives: host composition; cold work (milled versus annealed stock); oxide state per batch; operating temperature; vacancy population on witness foils measured by positron annihilation spectroscopy before and after mechanical excitation.
K4 Field acceleration across gaps
What the record reports: piezoelectric grains in force chains convert 0.1 to 1 GPa contact stress into 0.3 to 0.6 C/m2 of bound charge and fields of 1e8 to 1e9 V/m across nanometer gaps; the pyroelectric precedent shows a crystal-built field of the 1e10 V/m class at nanometer tips ionizing D2 and driving deuterons to genuine D-D fusion energies; carrier chemistry decides how much field survives, because polar liquids screen static fields on nanometer scales.
Knobs the device drives: carrier choice (dry bed versus deuterated oil versus electrolyte); gap-width distribution through particle size and roughness; piezoelectric volume fraction (about 10 percent baseline); d33 composition and poling fraction; external electrostatic bias of the cell, following the co-deposition field experiments.
K5 Cavitation hot spots
What the record reports: collapsing bubbles reach roughly 5000 C at hundreds of atmospheres for a few microseconds; in slurries, shock-driven collisions plastically deform and melt metal surfaces; chilled operation hardened reported implosion conditions; sonoluminescence flashes are time-correlated with bubble dynamics.
Knobs the device drives: acoustic power against the cavitation-margin ceiling computed by the horn and cell model; bulk temperature (chilled 0 to 10 C for designated cavitation runs, estimate); degassing state; sonotrode tip geometry and standoff.
K6 Fracture bursts
What the record reports: fracture and impact act as transient deuteron sources with burst kinetics, from the 1986 and 1989 deuterated-solids records through rock compression to the 2024 deuterated-titanium cavitation record; newly formed crack surfaces also emit charged particles and light on their own, which is a background every fracture-dominated excitation must separate; deuterium supplied through the solid phase is what the strongest cavitation record points to.
Knobs the device drives: milling freshness and defect density of the powder; impact velocity and contact stress amplitude; hydride presence as the dose-response variable (the 2024 record saw no excess from D2 bubbles or D2O droplets and reported flux only with Ti/D powder present); burst-locked counting windows synchronized to the drive.
3 The excitation stack: one drive schedule
The five excitation channels are not alternative devices; they are layers of one schedule applied to the same vessel geometry, so results stay comparable across drives.
| Layer | What it does | Hardware | Coupling it sets up |
|---|---|---|---|
| L0 Thermal base | Loading ramp, bake-out, operating temperature, programmed hydrogen-flux step (load, evacuate, rapid heat) | Cartridge heaters, PID loops, loading vessels, chilled circulator | Sets loading ratio, phase state and screening temperature; chilled base hardens cavitation; rapid-heat step starts deuteron flux through the active layer |
| L1 Mechanical drive | 24 kHz ultrasound bursts with programmable duty cycle; 40 kHz distributed wall drive as comparison; builds and breaks force chains | Hielscher UP400St sonotrode, impedance-matched amplifier chain | Delivers contact stress to K2, cavitation to K5, strain oscillation to K1; the piezo grains convert the same stress into contact charge for K4 |
| L2 Electric field | External electrostatic bias across the cell; direct piezo stack drive on clamp-mounted stacks for dry beds | High-voltage DC supplies, function generator plus Class A amplifier, matching network | Biases contact gaps the way the co-deposition field experiments did; stacks add a coherent field component at the drive frequency |
| L3 Pulsed discharge | Microsecond to millisecond current pulses through electrode pairs; the four-axis pulse matrix (voltage, width, duty, pressure) swept explicitly | 10 mF, 1.5 kV film bank, fiber-triggered fast switch | Reproduces the plasma-electrolysis and pulse-drive line inside our own cell; fires inside blind acquisition windows so pickup cannot masquerade as signal |
| L4 Perturbation | Small negative-then-positive input steps at unchanged average power | Supply programming through the acquisition system | Applies the Tohoku 2024 trigger to whatever regime L0 to L3 have reached |
Composite schedule for one matrix entry (illustrative, estimate): base temperature stabilized at the stage target; loading state documented; ultrasound burst window opens at fixed duty cycle; at drive steady state the discharge program fires a shot train inside blind windows; perturbation steps bracket the middle of the window; the whole sequence then repeats with excitation off, with the hydrogen analog, with the piezo removed, and with the hydride removed, in randomized interleaved order within each 48 hour block.
Coupling rules the schedule obeys:
- Each layer sets the initial condition of the next: loading (L0) before screening is judged; force chains (L1) before contact charge exists; bias (L2) before gap fields are coherent; pulses (L3) only on a characterized mechanical regime.
- The cavitation-margin ceiling and resonance tracking come from the horn and cell acoustics model; the drive control loop holds resonance as the suspension shear-thickens.
- Carrier choice decides which layers carry the field budget: dry-bed and deuterated-oil stages preserve static contact fields, so L1 plus L2 suffice; the electrolyte stage suppresses static fields, so L1 bursts and L3 pulses, which outrun ionic screening, take the load.
- Every layer runs on the same vessel geometry and the same instrumentation, so a parameter measured under one layer transfers to the others.
4 Diagnostics cross-reference
Every observable pairs a lab subsystem with the simulation hook that plans its exposure. Lab references are to lab/LAB-BUILD.md; simulation references are to simulation/TOOLCHAIN.md job classes K0 to K12 and the campaign plan in simulation/MARBELL-SIMULATION-QUEUE.md.
| Observable | Lab subsystem | Simulation hook | Parameter fed back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heat (primary observable) | Isoperibolic Seebeck-envelope calorimeter with Joule calibration at six setpoints, 50 mW noise floor target after 1000 s averaging (section 3.1); Coriolis flow calorimetry with first-principles calibration (3.2); weekly calibration rule: no same-week calibration, no reportable run | Cell thermal models from as-built geometry, month 9 campaign (K9, K10); oil mass-flow method for the dry bed copied from prior-art/04 | Excess power versus drive state, loading state and temperature; the calorimetric excess is one of the four independently thresholded readouts |
| Neutrons, totals | Moderated helium-3 proportional counter on the 1.0 m ring plus bubble-detector sets at the 1.0 m and 2.0 m rings (4.1) | Exposure planning from rate kernels (K0), months 2 and 10 campaigns | Total neutron rate versus drive phase; tie-breaker channel when spectroscopy saturates |
| Neutron and gamma spectra, time of flight | Two EJ-309 liquid scintillators with pulse-shape discrimination on a 2.0 m baseline (about 105 ns flight time for 2.45 MeV neutrons), CAEN digitizer; NaI(Tl) with digital multichannel analyzer base behind a shadow bar (4.2, 4.3) | Signal-class kernels: predicted spectra, minimum detectable yield, detector exposure plan (K0), month 10 campaign | Coincidence excess and spectral shape; the artifact-resistant pair that must agree with CR-39 before a signal enters a report |
| Charged particles | CR-39 open-and-masked pairs plus spacer stacks inside each cell, etched and read by the automated linear-energy-transfer workflow; silicon detector behind a thin window on the 3.02 MeV proton branch (4.4) | Line-versus-continuum predictions from the kernels (K0) | Track density difference against simultaneous controls; proton line position against the discrete-acceleration hypothesis |
| Helium-4 | Headspace quadrupole mass spectrometry with non-evaporable getters stripping D2 so mass 4 is unambiguous; calibration by known helium dose into an identical cell (4.5) | Rate kernels per local deuteron density (K0) | Helium accumulation against the 1e11 atoms per second per watt yardstick |
| Pressure and temperature bursts | Headspace pressure transmitters on every cell, multi-point thermocouples, 1 Hz thermal logging plus event-mode detector channels (2.5, 7) | Contact-pulse amplitude and duration distributions (K1, K2); burst envelopes from phase field under oscillatory strain (K7, K8) | Burst coincidence statistics: the replicated pressure-plus-temperature burst signature from prior-art/04 is a designed-for event class |
| Optical and acoustic state | Cameras on sapphire and quartz viewports for sonoluminescence and suspension state (2.2, 2.5); the suspension's own piezo grains read as event sensors, following the co-deposition piezo-wafer precedent from prior-art/01 | Cavitation-margin ceiling and resonance tracking from horn and cell acoustics (K9) | Drive-phase-locked event timing; shear-thickening state and clouding during excitation |
| Loading ratio | Resistance-ratio monitor or gravimetric uptake on every hydride stage, logged in the run card (prior-art/03 lesson; materials/SPECS.md recipes) | Strain-dependent diffusivity and loading-ramp protocol from density functional theory and phase field (K3, K4, K7, K8) | D/Pd or D/Ti state before and after every run; the operating-band requirement for judging any excitation |
| Horn and cell resonance | Vector network analyzer measurement of the physical horn at installation (6.1) | Validation ladder rung 5: FEM anchors against measured impedance (TOOLCHAIN section 9); month 1 horn model (K9) | As-built resonance prediction and tracking law for the drive loop |
| Witness-foil screening state | Witness foils enter and exit each campaign for positron annihilation spectroscopy of vacancy populations (prior-art/05 lesson) | Defect formation and trapping energetics (K3) | Vacancy density before and after mechanical excitation: the defect lever, quantified |
Traceability note: every number in section 1 carries its source cluster in the table; every cluster file is cited entry-by-entry in sources/REFERENCES.md; parameter provenance into the simulation queue is the citation field of each job request (literature triage agent, simulation/MARBELL-SIMULATION-QUEUE.md section 3.1).