| U. Greife and co-workers (Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum) | 1995 | Zeitschrift fuer Physik A 351: 107 (1995) | gas-target deuteron-deuteron (D-D) fusion at very low beam energy; the baseline experiment for the field | deuterium gas target | molecular D2 | deuteron beam, 5 to 10 keV class | precision cross sections below 10 keV center-of-mass | the record shows a gas-target screening energy of 25 plus or minus 5 eV, quoted by later groups as the atomic-limit baseline |
| H. Yuki and co-workers (Tohoku University) | 1998 | JETP Letters 68: 823-829 (1998), DOI 10.1134/1.567800 | deuteron beam on deuterated metal targets; d(d,p)t yields at low energy | metal targets including titanium and gold | deuterium absorbed in the metal target | low-energy deuteron beam | sub-10 keV class beam energies | the authors report enhanced D-D yields in metallic environments relative to gas, among the first metal-host measurements of this kind |
| K. Czerski, A. Huke, A. Biller, P. Heide, M. Hoeft, G. Ruprecht (Technische Universitaet Berlin) | 2001 | Europhysics Letters 54 (4): 449-455 (2001), DOI 10.1209/epl/i2001-00265-7 | deuteron implantation into three metal targets to saturation stoichiometry; thick-target yields of d(d,p)t and d(d,n)he3 at four detector angles 90 to 150 degrees | aluminum, zirconium, tantalum foils implanted with deuterium (D+, D2+ beams) | implantation to saturation, near chemical stoichiometry | 5 to 60 keV deuteron beams; 60 kV cascade accelerator, high-voltage stability about 10 eV | thick targets; on-line deuteron-density monitoring via proton yield | the authors report screening energies of 190 plus or minus 15 eV (Al), 297 plus or minus 8 eV (Zr), 322 plus or minus 15 eV (Ta), about ten times the 25 plus or minus 5 eV gas value and a clear host-material dependence; theoretical estimates (about 20 eV gas, about 80 eV palladium bound-state limit) fall far below |
| F. Raiola and co-workers, LUNA Collaboration (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics, LNGS and partners) | 2002 | European Physical Journal A 13: 377-382 (2002), DOI 10.1007/s10050-002-8766-5 | accelerator screening measurement of d(d,p)t in tantalum | deuterated tantalum target | deuteron implantation | low-energy deuteron beam (LUNA 50 kV class accelerator) | underground laboratory conditions | the authors report a tantalum screening energy of 309 plus or minus 12 eV, matching the Berlin value within errors |
| F. Raiola, P. Migliardi, L. Gang and co-workers (Bochum, Atomki, LUNA partners) | 2002 | Physics Letters B 547: 193-199 (2002), DOI 10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02774-0 | d(d,p)t screening across deuterated metals; ordering against the periodic table | multiple deuterated metal targets, flagship result palladium | deuteron implantation into metals | low-energy deuteron beams | same beam-energy class as the Berlin campaign | the authors report a palladium screening energy of 800 plus or minus 90 eV (quoted by Czerski and co-workers 2004), the largest value in the d(d,p)t record, and periodic-table ordering of screening strengths |
| J. Kasagi and co-workers (Tohoku University) | 2002 | Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 71: 2281 (2002) | deuteron beam screening measurement on palladium | deuterated palladium | deuteron loading of palladium | low-energy deuteron beam | keV-class beam energies | the authors report a palladium screening energy of 310 plus or minus 50 eV (quoted by Czerski and co-workers 2004), agreeing with the Berlin palladium value |
| C. Bonomo and co-workers (Bochum, INFN partners) | 2003 | Nuclear Physics A 719: 37c (2003), DOI 10.1016/S0375-9474(03)00955-2 | screening measurements with in-situ surface cleaning by krypton sputtering | aluminum and other metal targets | deuteron implantation | low-energy deuteron beams; sputter cleaning immediately before measurement | high-vacuum conditions, re-oxidation within minutes at 10 to the minus 8 mbar for reactive metals | the authors report that sputter-cleaning raises the measured screening energy for aluminum and other metals; Czerski and co-workers 2004 attribute the small early values for zirconium (80 plus or minus 20 eV class) to surface re-oxidation |
| F. Raiola and 26 co-workers (Bochum-led collaboration) | 2004 | European Physical Journal A 19 (2): 283-287 (2004), DOI 10.1140/epja/i2003-10125-0 | systematic d(d,p)t screening survey: 58 samples spanning metals, insulators, semiconductors | deuterated metals, insulators, semiconductors, lanthanides | deuteron implantation / gas absorption per sample | low-energy deuteron beams versus a gaseous D2 reference | identical beam-energy class across all 58 samples | the authors report large screening in most metals, small (gas-like) values in insulators, semiconductors and lanthanides, periodic-table ordering of the effect, and suggest classical Debye-type plasma screening by quasi-free metallic electrons as a candidate mechanism |
| K. Czerski, A. Huke, P. Heide, G. Ruprecht (Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, TU Berlin) | 2004 | Europhysics Letters 68 (3): 363-369 (2004), DOI 10.1209/epl/i2004-10209-3 | five-target screening study plus improved dielectric-function theory and extrapolation to room-temperature energies | carbon (amorphous), aluminum (AlD), zirconium (ZrD2), palladium (PdD0.2, deliberately implanted only to 0.2 stoichiometry to limit lattice defects), tantalum (TaD) | deuteron implantation at the listed stoichiometries | 5 to 60 keV D+ and D2+ beams | thick targets; angular-distribution-corrected yields | the authors report screening energies of minus 20 plus or minus 5 eV (C), 191 plus or minus 12 eV (Al), 295 plus or minus 7 eV (Zr), 296 plus or minus 15 eV (Pd), 302 plus or minus 13 eV (Ta); theory (polarization plus cohesion, 14 to 136 eV) tracks the material trend but sits about a factor 2 low; with moving target deuterons, a 220 eV effective screening fits the Jones-type neutron rates while the Fleischmann-Pons heat rate would demand about 620 eV |
| F. Raiola, B. Burchard, Z. Fulop, G. Gyurky and co-workers (LUNA Collaboration partners) | 2005 | Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 31 (11), DOI 10.1088/0954-3899/31/11/002 | temperature-dependence study of d(d,p)t screening in metals | deuterated platinum and cobalt targets | deuteron implantation | low-energy deuteron beams; sample stage heated | platinum at 20 to 340 degrees C; cobalt at 20 and 200 degrees C | the authors report the temperature dependence of the measured screening energy in metallic hosts, the experimental handle on how thermal conditions modulate screening |
| A. Huke, K. Czerski, P. Heide, G. Ruprecht, N. Targosz, W. Zebrowski (TU Berlin, University of Szczecin, TRIUMF) | 2008 | Physical Review C 78: 015803 (2008), DOI 10.1103/PhysRevC.78.015803 (preprint arXiv:0805.4538) | new differential yield analysis method applied to deuteron-implanted metals; systematic study of surface and deuteron-density artifacts | zirconium, palladium, tantalum targets under multiple surface conditions | deuteron implantation, on-line density monitoring | 5 to 50 keV deuteron beams | varied target surface histories (four tantalum conditions) | the authors report zirconium 297 plus or minus 8 eV, palladium 313 plus or minus 2 eV, and tantalum spanning 213 to 462 eV depending on surface state; they show target surface contamination and deuteron-density dynamics can distort screening values, and they exclude the Debye-Hueckel model as the mechanism |
| A. Kowalska, K. Czerski, P. Horodek, K. Siemek and co-workers (University of Szczecin eLBRUS laboratory and partners) | 2023 | Materials 16 (18): 6255 (2023), DOI 10.3390/ma16186255 | positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on deuteron-irradiated zirconium from the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) accelerator campaign | cold-rolled zirconium foils, deuteron plus carbon/oxygen ion implanted | deuteron irradiation producing vacancies and zirconium deuteride (ZrH1.5-phase) formation | 10 to 20 keV and 80 keV deuteron beams plus 200/240 keV C and O ions | UHV conditions; defect depth profiling to about 600 nm | the review section records the field situation: observed deuteron-deuteron screening energies of order 400 eV against about 100 eV theoretical, resolved toward theory in the atomically clean UHV zirconium experiment; cold-rolled palladium shows high screening while annealed palladium does not; cubic-structure titanium shows high screening while hexagonal-phase titanium shows small values; density functional theory (DFT) results allow up to nine hydrogen atoms trapped per zirconium vacancy |
